Potential for organic Chilean wine

Abstract

The potential for extending organic wine production in Chile is discussed in relation to its history and present situation. The main objective is to present an overview of the production of organic wine in Chile, its certification, and national and international markets. During the wine harvesting season in March and April 2006, the authors visited and interviewed staff at four Chilean organic wineries. The wineries were all situated in the wine-producing centre of the country and were of variable sizes. One of the certification bodies in Chile was also interviewed. In addition to the field studies and interviews in Chile, various written information has been used. Second to Argentina, Chile is the country that produces most wine in Latin America. Vineyards cover a total of 110 000 hectares of the country's two million hectares of arable land. A study carried out in 2005 showed that 2000 hectares (almost 2%) of vineyards are organically cultivated. The organic production is operated by 32 different companies, which produce organic wine mainly for exportation to the international market. In Chile, the number of certified organic wine producers has increased in recent years in a trend directed by international demand and possible competitive advantages for Chilean wines. In order for a wine to be called ‘organic’ or ‘wine made from organically grown grapes’, the cultivation and final product must be approved by a certification company. In Chile there are three main active certification bodies; one national (Certificadora Chile Orgánico, CCO) and two international (the Swiss company IMO and the German company BCS). The study reveals a country with innovation and energy but facing strong pressures from the international market and its jungle of laws and directives, and the differing prestige of different certifications and labels. Chile as a wine-producing country has many competitors, and the production of organic wine could be a way to find diversity and exploit new market ground where environmental consideration concerns and sustainability are important targets.     

农民创业过程中基层政府与农民关系的探究

在国家政策的积极支持下,现在农民创业的热情非常高涨,也有很多成功的案例,但不少基层政府没有很好地理解政策的精神,导致创业过程中农民与基层政府的关系出现了偏差,使得农民不相信基层政府,甚至对有些干部非常反感。本文分析了关系出现偏差的原因并提出了完善的措施。     

铁元素对农田人参丙二醛含量及防御酶活性的影响

[目的]研究Fe2＋对人参（Panax ginseng Meyer）叶中防御酶活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。[方法]采用叶面供Fe2＋的方法。试验共设5个处理,Fe2＋浓度分别为：0（对照）、0.005%、0.050%、0.500%、2.000%。[结果]随着供Fe2＋水平的升高,MDA含量先降低后升高,过氧化物酶（POD）活性呈持续上升趋势,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先升高后降低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势。[结论]从生理角度揭示了铁元素在人参生长发育中的作用机理,为人参的合理施肥提供理论参考。     

供氮水平对田间桑树叶片产量及其生理特性的影响

为了探寻龙桑一号的适宜施氮量,从而指导桑农科学施用氮肥,以桑树品种龙桑一号为试验材料,在大田条件下研究了不同供氮(纯氮)水平(0、48.3、96.6、144.9、193.2和241.5kg.hm-2)对桑树叶片产量及其生理特性的影响情况。结果表明:当施氮量为0～193.2kg.hm-2时,桑树单株枝条数、单枝叶片数、单叶面积、单叶质量和单株产叶量均随供氮水平的增加而增加,而当施氮量达到241.5kg.hm-2时,桑树单叶面积、叶片质量和单株产叶量反而有所降低;施氮量在0～144.9kg.hm-2范围内,桑树叶片中的全氮(N)和全磷(P)含量均随施氮量的增加而提高,而当施氮量超过144.9kg.hm-2时,叶片中的全氮和全磷含量随着施氮量的增加反而有所降低,这说明施氮量过高反而降低了桑树对N和P的吸收;随着供氮水平的增加,桑树叶片中的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随施氮量的增加而增加。从氮肥对桑树产叶量及其生理特性的影响情况来看,桑树品种龙桑一号田间的最佳施氮量为144.9～193.2kg.hm-2。     

禁牧休牧监管立法的分析与探讨

禁牧休牧已成为保护和培育生态植被的一种主要方式,是遏制草原荒漠化的有效手段。相对于禁牧休牧的制度需求,其监管立法却存在诸多问题需要完善,本文从立法层级、监管体制、法律责任等方面分析了禁牧休牧监管立法中存在的问题,着重论述其完善途径,并提出了相应的立法建议。     

加强林业基层推广工作存在的瓶颈与对策

通过对林业基层推广工作的分析,探讨林业基层推广工作存在的包括推广方式、劳动力、经费等方面存在的瓶颈,并针对存在的问题提出解决策略。     

基层农机管理服务工作探讨

就农机管理服务中存在的问题以及如何做好农机管理服务工作提出建议。     

黑龙江省乳业集群发展问题与对策研究

黑龙江省乳业经历了快速的发展过程，乳业发展呈现集群发展的态势，但发展中也存在着集群区域品牌效应不强、专业化分工不明显、集群进入壁垒和退出壁垒高、奶牛养殖业饲养方式落后、集群内乳品企业重复建设、原料奶收购价格形成机制不合理和法律法规体系不健全等诸多问题。本文针对黑龙江省乳业集群发展中的问题，提出了解决的思路和对策。     

论提高领导科学发展能力——谈高职院校学生管理层面危机事件管理

高职院校危机管理已经成为了高职院校发展中一个崭新的课题。学生管理层面的危机是现阶段高职院校危机的主要来源，如何应对这些危机事件，对高校管理者来说是一个紧迫的现实问题。     

Pathogenicity of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on potato

Host–parasite relationships and pathogenicity of Meloidogyne javanica on potatoes (newly recorded from Malta) were studied under glasshouse and natural conditions. Potato cvs Cara and Spunta showed a typical susceptible reaction to M. javanica under natural and artificial infections, respectively. In potato tubers, M. javanica induced feeding sites that consisted of three to four hypertrophied giant cells per adult female. Infection of feeder roots by the nematode resulted in mature large galls which usually contained at least one mature female and egg mass. In both tubers and roots, feeding sites were characterized by giant cells containing granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. Cytoplasm in giant cells was aggregated alongside the thickened cell walls. Stelar tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density ( P ) [0–64 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2s) per cm³ soil] and growth of cv. Spunta potato seedlings was tested under glasshouse conditions. A Seinhorst model [ y = m  + (1 −  m ) z ^{( P − T )}] was fitted to fresh shoot weight and shoot height data of nematode-inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits ( T ) for fresh shoot weight and shoot height of cv. Spunta plants infected with M. javanica were 0·50 and 0·64 eggs + J2s per cm³ soil, respectively. The m parameter in that model (i.e. the minimum possible y -values) for fresh shoot weight and shoot height were 0·60 and 0·20, respectively, at P  = 64 eggs + J2s per cm³ soil. Root galling was proportional to the initial nematode population density. Maximum nematode reproduction rate was 51·2 at a moderate initial population density ( P  = 4 eggs + J2s per cm³ soil).